Final Project – Ephemeral Memory
About This Reverie
Created via the Leaflet Storymaps (Ilyankou and Dougherty) code template, the Ephemeral Memory project is designed to guide readers on a point-by-point tour with a scrolling narrative that examines how one location in New York City’s Greenwich Village was witness to three pandemics:
- the Influenza Pandemic of 1918,
- the AIDs crisis of the 1980s and
- the Covid 19 pandemic.
Readers can follow the scrolling narrative or click on any marker to go directly to a specific chapter.
Map Point 1. On Loss and the Collective Memory
Collective memory refers to how groups of people remember a shared past. By inference, it also implies that “collective forgetting” can also occur (APS).
Some events, like the sinking of the RMS Titanic, embed themselves so entirely in our collective memory that more than one hundred years after that ship sank to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean,
We continue to immortalize it with blockbuster movies, a Broadway musical, television documentaries, museums like this quirky building in Tennessee, and countless books and articles.
Map Point 2. RMS Titanic
Some fifteen hundred souls died when the great ship sank in 1912 (Tikkanen). A tragedy, to be sure…
Consider how much you know about the great ship Titanic.
Map Point 3. [The infirmary at Camp Funston in Fort Riley, Kansas. Circa 1918]
Some 50 million people died in the influenza pandemic of 1918… (CDC) How much do you know about that?
Map Point 4. My Father [A picture of my father’s mother, his brother (who is in the carriage), and himself. The backdrop is a scarred wooden wall.]
Richard Henry Kofod was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on the 25th of February in 1916.
The pandemic began when he was a toddler and lasted for two years.
Relatives died, and neighborhoods saw entire families wiped out.
That experience was a core memory for him. And yet, I only knew about it because of his stories.
Growing up, it was barely mentioned in my history books. Occasionally, I’d see a remnant from that time, like the old porcelain signs on the subway reminding people that spitting was illegal. My father would say, “That’s a legacy of the Spanish Flu.”
Why are some events so easy to forget?
Map Point 5. World War I
Because the pandemic ran parallel with the First World War, some academics theorize that it was folded into and consumed by that narrative.
This suggested “…that some deaths have more value than others. The soldiers died heroically, but the sick just died, so the soldiers have been remembered while the sick have been forgotten” (D. A. Davis).
Others suggest that trauma survivors “…may develop behaviors that mitigate its impact” (McNally).
This behavior could account for the pandemic’s disappearance from collective memory; individual survivors never entirely forgot their experience, but most shied away from publicly reliving it.
Map Point 6. What’s In a Name?
Spain was neutral during WWI, so when their monarch contracted influenza, the story escaped domestic censorship. It was widely covered in the popular press, leading to the moniker “Spanish Flu” (Aanmoen).
Ironic, given that the disease likely originated in a Kansas military base and was exported when US troops traveled overseas (Jurga).
Actual mortality figures for the pandemic are challenging to calculate. Still, conservative estimates indicate that half the world’s population was infected (nearly one billion people), and at least fifty million died (D. A. Davis).
The author of this diary is unknown. It is part of a more extensive collection of WWI remembrances at the New York Public Library.
Influenza H1N1 proved both monstrous in scope and ordinary because respiratory illnesses were common. Ultimately, with its vast scale and manifestation as a common illness, this pandemic challenged collective memory in ways other traumatic experiences did not.
Map Point 7. Army of Lovers
K.M. Soehnlein published the book “Army of Lovers” in 2022. It is their fictionalized memoir of what it was like living in NYC in the 1980s-90s, during the height of the AIDs crisis.
I also lived in NYC during that time. His book was difficult for me because it stirred up many sad memories. I worked in the theatre during that era and witnessed the deaths of dozens of my friends and colleagues.
This reverie is the final project for a Digital Storytelling class at the Graduate Center for the City University of New York (CUNY) from the Spring of 2023. Our challenge was to use “Army of Lovers” as a starting point for telling a story related to our own experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
You can learn more about the class and other students’ projects by visiting our website at https://ds2023.commons.gc.cuny.edu/about/.
Map Point 8. Inspiration
At first, I thought to use Walt Whitman’s “Song of Myself.” It is the centerpiece of the AIDS Memorial Park in New York City’s West Village (NYC AIDS Memorial). Beautiful as it is, it did not capture the sense of melancholy that I craved.
Ultimately, I found a work by the Victorian poet Christina Rossetti that captured that sense of wanting to be remembered and wanting to be forgotten that the loving dead might wish on the ones they leave behind.
Remember by Christina Rossetti (Rossetti)
Remember me when I am gone away,
Gone far away into the silent land;
When you can no more hold me by the hand,
Nor I half turn to go yet turning stay.
Remember me when no more day by day
You tell me of our future that you planned:
Only remember me; you understand
It will be late to counsel then or pray.
Yet if you should forget me for a while
And afterwards remember, do not grieve:
For if the darkness and corruption leave
A vestige of the thoughts that once I had,
Better by far you should forget and smile
Than that you should remember and be sad.
Now, the challenge was to find a mechanism to tie these themes of remembering and forgetting together in a way that felt true to my experience of living in and loving New York City.
I adore this classic photograph of Manhattan by night. Taken in 1932 by Berenice Abbott (Abbott), many of these buildings still stand.
Map Point 9. Walking
Europeans formally settled Manhattan in the 1620s, when the Dutch sent people to establish trade routes and “to advance bravely and to live in friendship with the natives” (Burrows and Wallace 16). Peace was short-lived, as English settlers displaced the Lenapes of Long Island Sound, and Dutch expansion continued in the lower Hudson.
By modern US standards, New York City is old; dynamic as the City is, some of our early histories can still be found in structures that have remained intact through luck and litigation.
“The Brooklyn Bridge, whose stone pillars and abutments, seen from afar, seem frail as air in the gray mist, but support an everlasting stream of traffic.” (O’Hagan)
I knew some structures in the City had borne witness to the 1918 pandemic, the AID crisis, and Covid 19. Surely there might be one that could tell this story.
I started to walk…
This photograph of Washington Square Park was taken by Berenice Abbott in 1936.
The park began its colonial life as a cemetery, then a parade ground, and finally, as a home for the patrician class when Ithiel Town developed “the gracefully proportioned row houses on Washington Square North” (Burrows and Wallace 467). These days, most of those houses remain but are administrative buildings for New York University.
The West Village was prominent in Soehnlein’s work, so I started there. I visited the Stonewall Inn and Christopher Park. It’s a national monument, rechristened the “Stonewall National Monument” (NPS).
Created by sculptor George Segal in 1980, these four statues (collectively named “Gay Liberation”) are made of bronze, steel, and white lacquer. They are life casts, indelibly linked to the moment of their production by the models’ clothing, hairstyles, and even body types (Thompson).
I took this photo on a cool, almost-Spring afternoon. The park itself is tiny, with only one gated entrance. It was busy, but only the statues were using the park.
Turning east,. I noticed a cranky old building I had been walking past most of my life. The name intrigued me: “Northern Dispensary.”
I walked around the building, taking pictures as I went. A man came down the single set of stairs, and we talked. The building was currently the administrative office for God’s Love We Deliver (GLWD). This charity provides free meals to the poor and sick, starting during the AIDS crisis.
I had found the touchstone!
The Northern Dispensary was built in 1827 “To furnish medicine and medical attendance gratuitously, to such of the inhabitants as may be proper objects of this charity…” (Moskowitz). A pursual of The New York Times archives found numerous appeals for money; it seems the institution was perpetually underfunded.
A (very) brief history:
- 1831: The Dispensary is built to house the Greenwich Village Free Medical Clinic.
- 1850: A third floor is added to meet the growing demand. Ten-to-twenty thousand patients are seen annually.
- 1920: Service changes to mostly outpatient.
- 1940: The clinic’s services are equally split between medical and dental care.
- 1960: Service becomes outpatient dental care only.
- 1986: George Whitmore is refused treatment due to his HIV+ status. He sues and wins.
- 1989: In response, the clinic closes its doors.
- 1990: The Roman Catholic Diocese of New York buys the building for conversion into a 15-room single-room occupancy for homeless people with AIDS. NIMBY activists shut that plan down.
- 1998: The eccentric real estate investor William Gottlieb buys the property, and it sits vacant.
- 2019: Gottlieb’s heirs rent it to God’s Love, We Deliver.
Built in a neo-Georgian style, the triangular, three-story building occupies the entirety of its oddly shaped West Village block.
Attitudes about treatment shift as the area around the Dispensary changes from a primarily working-class neighborhood to a gentrified one. But because its land trust requires that the building serve the poor, and if it falls within the city-designated Greenwich Historic District, speculators could never raze it (NYPAP).
Map Point 10. Influenza Pandemic of 1918
It likely began with horses.
Fort Riley, Kansas, was the epicenter of the US Cavalry, housing fifty-thousand soldiers and many thousands of horses. A huge dust storm hit the fort whilst the daily manure burning was in full swing. “The dust, combining with the ash of burning manure, kicked up a stinging, stinking yellow haze.” The men assigned to clean up the mess did not know to wear masks. Three days later, men sick with influenza poured into the fort’s infirmary (Jurga).
In recent decades, a definitive link was made to isolated amino acids in the virus genes, and they showed a common link to horses (Hollenbeck).
Because the US was in the midst of the First World War, deployments continued, and the virus spread. By May 1918, hundreds of thousands of soldiers traveled across the Atlantic to feed the European theater, taking the virus with them (CDC).
Map Point 11. Spread
News of the emerging illness was underplayed by the federal government, leading to uneven responses by local officials.
Map Point 12. Parades
Ignoring the warnings of influenza, Philadelphia threw a parade to support the war effort. The march drew some two-hundred-thousand people. Three days later, every bed in every hospital was filled with the sick and dying (K. C. Davis).
Map Point 13. Nurses
The sad reality of the disease is there was not much doctors could do to combat it. The most effective treatments were bed rest, pain relief, isolation, and warmth. Caring for someone with flu was an hour-by-hour labor that fell to family and to nurses. In 1918, nursing was almost exclusively a female profession. This may be another reason the epidemic faded in memory: women did most of the work (Onion).
Map Point 14. Back in Greater New York
Hoboken was declared the main point of embarkation for the US Expeditionary Force. Commander in Chief John J. Pershing patented the rallying cry “Heaven, Hell, or Hoboken!” as nearly 1.8 million Americans passed through its port on the way to the European theatre (Mbadessa).
Map Point 15. Copeland | Into the Breach
Royal Samuel Copeland was appointed Health Commissioner of New York City in April 1918. The pandemic was beginning to make inroads, and by September, influenza was added to the list of reportable diseases. People with private homes were quarantined there, while tenement dwellers were isolated in City hospitals (Influenza Encyclopedia).
Influenza orphaned scores of children. People in the prime of their life were often the first to die. This monthly bulletin from the Department of Health shows the death rate during the fall of 1918 (Wilson). More than 20,000 New Yorkers died, at a rate of 400 to 500 a day at its apex.
The schools were never shut down, as Copeland saw the monitoring done by workers there would help identify families needing quarantined. Neither did he shut down the theaters, instead using the top of each performance to educate people about the illness. Information campaigns using leaflets, posters, and news stories attacked unprotected sneezing, coughing, and spitting in the streets (Wilson).
Weekly bulletins gave direct instruction and offered visuals to help educate.
Chewing tobacco and smoking cigars were popular, leading to lots of public spitting. My favorite of Copeland’s interventions was the use of the Boy Scouts. They walked the streets, patrolling for spitters, and when they spotted someone spitting publicly, they would hand out a card to teach them they were endangering the City. Police would write citations and fine people who spat (Wilson).
The City’s hospitals and clinics were overwhelmed by the volume of patients. In response, nurses were sent to health centers, settlement houses, churches, and schools. Aides and volunteers took phone calls from a clearinghouse where new reports of infection were directed. An army of women volunteered to visit the sick with supplies.
And the Northern Dispensary continued to serve its neighbors as it always had: quietly and with very little money.
Map Point 16. A Different Kind of Disease
“I never imagined losing my mind was going to be such hard work” (Kushner). A line from the play “Angels in America “by Tony Kushner. The image is from the original 1990s Broadway production (Marcus).
In the early 1980s, people began to hear whispers of a new disease that targeted homosexual men. It seemed to strike out of nowhere, ravaging its victims, and there was no cure. It did not even have a name.
[A picture of] Deotis McMather, circa 1983, asleep in bed at San Francisco General’s AIDS ward 5B.] After being diagnosed with AIDS, Mr. McMather returned to his apartment, where all his belongings were thrown onto the street. Such things were not uncommon. Shunning happened in many ways; people lost their jobs, were rejected by their families, and lost acceptance within their social circles (Green).
I worked in the New York theatre. Soon, I, too, began to see my friends and colleagues change. A sudden rash that would not heal in one. Rapid weight loss in another. One of my best friends from High School got hospitalized with pneumonia, and the hospital staff would not let us in his room. They had a name for it now: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), but how it was spread reminded unclear. My friend died alone.
Founded in 1987, the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) was created to force action from a government largely indifferent to the deaths caused by the disease. Members lived Ann Northrop’s creed: “Actions are always, always, always planned to be dramatic enough to capture public attention” (Specter).
People got mad. They started to organize. ACT UP attracted many of my friends because the events the organization produced were so theatrical.
Map Point 17. Dental Care
At that time, one of the most challenging forms of medical care for HIV-positive people to obtain was dental care.
By now, the Northern Dispensary was only providing that kind of care. The playwright George Whitmore needed dental care, but when he visited the Dispensary in 1986, he was refused treatment because he was HIV+.
Whitmore sued. Whitmore won. The Human Rights Commission awarded him $47,000 in 1988.
Sadly, Whitmore died of AIDS the following year. In an article for the New York Times, he wrote:
“In psychological terms, not just epidemiologically, AIDS is like a stone cast into a pond; perhaps diminished, the ripples nevertheless cover the entire surface. No one who comes into contact with AIDS, however healthy in fact, is entirely immune from the havoc it wreaks” (Whitmore).
That settlement put the Dispensary out of business. The trustees gave the building to the New York Archdiocese of the Catholic Church, who then paid the settlement and the institution’s outstanding debts. This was some $200,000 as the Dispensary had been in a deficit for several years. The $47,000 ”doesn’t sound like a lot of money,” said Daniel P. Leahey, the project director for the Archdiocese, ”but it was a lot of money to the Northern Dispensary (NYPAP).
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York Had a Plan. Following the sale, the Archdiocese intended to convert the Dispensary from an easy-access medical facility into a fifteen-room single-room-occupancy structure with a community kitchen for homeless people with AIDS.
ACT UP Poster. “They say this is not a case of “Not in My Back Yard.” Maybe not. Maybe it’s just a case of “Not Near My Boutique, Restaurant, or Bar, Scaring away My Customers.” Maybe it’s really a case of “Not My Problem.” (ACT UP).
Members of the West Village community rebelled. Under the plan, the new occupants would be given leases to their rooms which the protestors advised would convert a public mission into a private purpose (Gray). This was seen as a breach of the original covenant, and they demanded a dental clinic for HIV-positive people or another kind of health center be opened in the space (Gray).
Gentrification. By this time, the face of AIDS was changing from a “gay” disease to one that overwhelmingly affected the poor and people of color.
This led AIDS activists to accuse the protesters of NIMBYism. Greenwich Village had long been a working-class immigrant neighborhood that attracted fledging artists with its cheap rents and expansive nightlife. But in the late 1980s, this started to change. Rent-controlled apartment buildings were converted to co-ops, and smaller buildings were reconverted to single-family homes.
What happens now, says Brooklyn College sociology professor Sharon Zukin, “is powerful and breathtakingly fast — a product of upper-middle-class aesthetics, and newspapers, magazines and blogs that compete to find new “destination neighborhoods” (Powell).
Three blocks east of the Dispensary stand luxury condominiums. They sit where St. Vincent’s Hospital once stood. At the height of the pandemic, that institution treated the sick and housed the people dying of AIDS.
Roberta Brandes Gratz, one of the commissioners who voted against the hardship application, said the vote “will absolutely set a precedent because any nonprofit in any historic district can now seek to do the same” (Collins).
Map Point 18. The “Wuhan Flu”
“This timeline shows the temporal and genetic re-assortment relationships among each of the pandemic influenza sub-types” (Harrington, Kackos and Webby).
Since 1918, the world has seen respiratory infections that reached pandemic levels in 1958, 1968, and 2009, but none had rivaled the “Spanish Flu.” That was true until 2019, when Western media started to report on the emergence of a particularly virulent respiratory disease affecting people in the City of Wuhan, China.
While it is unknown what caused this coronavirus to jump from bats (or possibly pangolins) to humans, the most likely explanation is people, poultry, and wild game in close proximity. It might have been one of the so-called “wet markets” where live game is sold or from research expeditions into caves to study the local fauna (World Economic Forum).
Regardless of the vector, by 20 January 2022, the United States had its first laboratory-confirmed case of the disease in Washington state. In February, labs in NYC found the SARS-CoV-2 virus in samples. On 11 March, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. On 13 March, the White House declared a national emergency (Trump), and on 15 March, the NYC public school system— the largest school system in the US, with 1.1 million students— shut down. By April, most of the US was in lockdown (CDC).
Map Point 19. Risk Management
While the Federal Government pinned its hopes (and billions of tax-payer dollars) on developing a vaccine, local municipalities were largely left to determine their own rules regarding stay-at-home orders and social distancing guidelines.
In 2021, the Idaho Policy Institute (IPI) surveyed cities and towns in 11 western states regarding their actions during the pandemic and how those turned out. Perhaps, not surprisingly, in-person city/town council meetings went online, and efforts to distribute free personal protective equipment like masks and sanitizer were prioritized (Kim, May and Fry).
And as its death toll rose, New York City began to empty out.
By August 2020, apartment vacancies in Manhattan rose above 5% (it rarely goes above 2.5%). That meant more than 15,000 vacancies, as renters either left the City for the suburbs, moved back with their families, or chose not to move to Gotham at all (Bahney).
I was reminded of the Poe story, where a prince and his court seek to escape a plague by sequestering themselves away from the masses in a fortified castle, only to discover that Death has joined them.
Map Point 20. Elmhurst, Queens
Many people died. Our healthcare system was overwhelmed.
Elmhurst Hospital opened in 1832 and moved to its current Queens location in 1957. It is one of the oldest hospitals in NYC. More than two-thirds of its residents were born outside of the US, the City’s highest rate. It is a safety-net hospital, serving mainly low-income patients, including many who lack primary care doctors (Rothfeld).
The neighborhoods hit the hardest were the working class or poor. At one point, Elmhurst Queens was the epicenter; their local hospital needed a refrigerated truck outside to hold the dead. Dr. Rikki Lane, a 20-year veteran at Elmhurst, compared the scene in the emergency department with an overcrowded parking garage: patients were moved in and out of spots to access other patients blocked by stretchers (Rothfeld).
Refrigerated Trucks.
With morgues overrun by the sudden influx of dead, refrigerated trucks were a common sight outside any hospital with an emergency room. During the week of 5 April 2020, an average of 566 people were dying in the City every day. More than 800 coronavirus deaths were reported on 7 April 2020 (Alsharif and Sanchez). Before the coronavirus, according to 2018-2019 US Census numbers, approximately 194 people died daily in NYC (Barrientos).
Unemployment rates skyrocketed during the pandemic, and by 2020 the City had lost more than 600,000 jobs (David).
No job, no money, no food.
During the pandemic, community organizations and volunteers changed their focus to connecting those in need with food resources in their neighborhoods, filling in gaps left by government. Faith-based organizations, community centers, restaurants, and non-profits became hubs for food and meal distribution (Margolies and Strauss).
New York City is a rough town. It’s challenging to survive here. The cost of living is high and competition for resources is fierce, whether it’s a seat on the subway or a chance at the unicorn of housing in the form of a rent-stabilized apartment. We can also be a very generous bunch.
Map Point 21. God’s Love
It’s now a multi-million dollar non-profit, but it got its start in 1985 when Ganga Stone, then a hospice volunteer, took a bag of groceries to Richard Sale. Sale had AIDS and was too ill to cook for himself. “I had never seen anyone look that bad,” she recalled. “He was starving, and he was terrified.” Ganga’s took him a prepared meal on her next visit. She saw that something as basic as delivering a meal brought dignity to a desperate situation (Roberts).
Some lucky few, when faced with horror don’t turn their gaze away. Instead, they change their “lens” to figure out another way.
Ganga realized the severity of Sale’s situation demanded more than simply delivering food. Meals nutritionally-tailored to support an individual’s specific medical treatment were needed. A new meal in hand, she bumped into a local minister who asked what she was doing. When she told him, he replied, “you’re not just delivering food … you’re delivering God’s love.” And Ganga said, “That’s the name.” And God’s Love We Deliver was born (Roberts).
I am reminded of the Ursula Le Guin short story, “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas”. To reject what is for what might be. If you do not know it, here is a link: https://files.libcom.org/files/ursula-k-le-guin-the-ones-who-walk-away-from-omelas.pdf
“If you give food to a hungry person, you’re giving your love in the form of something that can be used right away by that person.”
– Ganga Stone (GLWD)
Ganga retired from GLWD in 1995, but continued her work as an educator until her own death in 2021. She was 79.
From its humble beginning, serving 50+ meals a day from the kitchen of West Park Presbyterian Church to its custom-made building in SoHo, underwritten by the fashion designer Michael Kors, GLWD has continued to grow (Renzi).
During the height of the Covid 19 pandemic, they delivered more than 310,000 shelf-stable meals in the face of a 30% increase in demand. Deemed an Essential Service Provider in New York City, they expanded their offering to include 10,000 personal care kits which included toothbrushes, toothpaste, hand soap, body wash and deodorant (GLWD).
A Natural Fit
When Neil and Marika Bender, who now control William Gottlieb Real Estate, got involved with GLWD they learned the organization needed more space, so they proposed the Northern Dispensary. The Community Board accepted their proposal. And so, after an almost 30-year break in the Dispensary’s role to “Heal The Sick,” the building is now fulfilling its two-century old mission again (Moskowitz).
And so we come, full circle. The Dispensary’s original founders were wealthy philanthropists, as are its current owners. It’s original charter was to serve patients for free and GLWD doesn’t charge for their services. It gave me pleasure to know that this piece of Old New York remains intact and relevant to its founder’s wishes. Forgotten for awhile, but now remembered.
Thank you for indulging this reverie. To learn more about the process used to develop this site, as well as the sources and references used to create it, visit: https://ephemeral.commons.gc.cuny.edu.
Heal The Sick
Works Cited
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